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 Table of Contents  
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 4  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 1-3

Stem cells in the oral cavity – An overview


Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Date of Submission13-Jan-2022
Date of Decision28-Jan-2022
Date of Acceptance01-Feb-2022
Date of Web Publication19-Mar-2022

Correspondence Address:
Suganya Panneer Selvam
Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijofb.ijofb_3_22

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  Abstract 


Stem cells play a vital role in regenerative medicine and it has the capacity to form any type of tissue under favored circumstances. The stem cells from the oral cavity can be easily removed and used for the regeneration of both hard and soft tissues. This article aimed to review the sources of stem cells from the oral cavity and the application of the same in the orofacial region and the principles of stem cell bank for the betterment of the quality and quantity of stem cells.

Keywords: Confidentiality, multipotent, papilla, periodontium, pulp, regenerate


How to cite this article:
Selvam SP, Sundar S, Anandapadmanabhan LT. Stem cells in the oral cavity – An overview. Int J Orofac Biol 2020;4:1-3

How to cite this URL:
Selvam SP, Sundar S, Anandapadmanabhan LT. Stem cells in the oral cavity – An overview. Int J Orofac Biol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];4:1-3. Available from: https://www.ijofb.org/text.asp?2020/4/1/1/339943




  Introduction Top


Stem cells are special cells called “Universal cells” or “Seed cells” that are able to develop into most cell types of all three germ layers (Sun et al., Clevers et al.)[1],[2]. The types of stem cells include embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell mass of blastocyst in preimplantation stage after in vitro fertilization which have transcription factors which help them to maintain a pluripotent state. Adult stem cells, otherwise called somatic stem cells/postnatal stem cells, which are multipotent progenitor cells, reside in a specialized microenvironment called stem cell niche (Ebrahimi M et al.)[3]. This article gives information about stem cells in the oral cavity and their uses with the detailed information about stem cell banks.


  Stem Cells in the Oral Cavity Top


Stem cells in the oral cavity include dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED), stem cells of apical papilla (SCAP), dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PLSCs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs).

  1. DPSC: DPSCs are the first type of stem cells that reside in the perivascular niche or cell-rich zone. They are most commonly obtained from the impacted third molar. They are isolated by enzymatic digestion of pulp tissue. They resemble fibroblast and have a higher proliferation rate even after extensive subculturing. They can be transformed into dentinogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic with different differentiation media (Gronthos S et al.)[4]
  2. SHED: The deciduous teeth are a good source of stem cells obtained from exfoliating deciduous teeth. It has high proliferative rate and high number of colonies forming units. They do not grow as individual cells but cluster into several colonies and it will grow as individual cells only after separation. The tendency of these cells to heal calvarial defects due to their osteogenic potential has been proved in animal studies (Seo BM et al.)[5]
  3. SCAP: They are isolated at certain specific stages of tooth development. It has greater potential to form dentin when compared to stem cells from other parts of the oral cavity. The nerve tissue has been formed in vitro from the stem cells derived from apical papilla (Kim BC et al.)[6]
  4. DFPC: Stem cells from the dental follicle have the capacity to change to cementoblast, osteoblast, and fibroblast. It expresses higher osteocalcin and hence has faster bone regeneration. These cells have been proved to form mammary gland regeneration when acquired from the cervical loop of rodent incisors (Jimenez-Rojo L et al.)[7]
  5. PLSC: It has the potential to regenerate typical cementum and PDL-like structures. It can be obtained from two sources – root surface and alveolar bone surface, among which the one scrapped off from alveolar bone surface has higher bone regeneration, higher osteogenic potential, and higher proliferation and the one scraped from root surface has less alkaline phosphatase activity and has lesser bone-forming capacity (Wang L et al.)[8]
  6. BMMSC: It is derived from maxilla or mandible during surgical procedures. The quantity and quality of the bone marrow-derived stem cells are superlative and it is less chondrogenic and lipogenic; however, the proliferation rate and differentiation potential are limited (Ebrahimi M et al.)[3]
  7. STEM CELLS FROM LINING MUCOSA: It is either derived from oral epithelium and gingiva. The cells from neural crest origin are scattered in the oral mucosa which has osteogenic potential and hence helps in bone regeneration. The gingival-derived stem cells have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Animal studies revealed that it has the potential to regenerate periodontium (Zhang Q et al.)[9]
  8. STEM CELLS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE: Buccal fat pad is the richest source of adipose tissue from where stem cells have been collected. It has been proved from animal studies that they are capable of regenerating pulp and periodontal complex in an extracted socket (Mizuno H and et al., Tobita M et al.)[10],[11]
  9. STEM CELLS FROM SALIVARY GLAND: The stem cells from the stromal and parenchymal components of the salivary gland are still under research; however, the stromal component has stem cells that are chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic than the parenchymal component. The regeneration of salivary gland function is still under investigation (Coppes RP et al., Rotter N et al.)[12],[13]
  10. STEM CELLS FROM MAXILLARY SINUS: It is derived from Schneiderian membrane of the maxillary sinus which has a higher expression of mesenchymal stem cells. It is used in the conventional maxillary sinus lifting and bone grafting prior to implant (Berberi A et al.).[14]



  Applications of Stem Cells in the Orofacial Region Top


There are no available reports for stem cell therapy in dental hard tissue defects. However, the pulpal inflammation which can be treated by root canal treatment can use dental stem cells along with growth factors to regenerate dental pulp-like tissues (Rosa V et al.).[15] Periodontal diseases include gingivitis and periodontitis that leads to bone loss and loosening of teeth. The usual treatment involves scaling and root planning, guided tissue regeneration with graft materials for the bone loss, the dental stem cells have been used in periodontal regeneration in animal models and clinical trials and are proved to be safe (Menicanin et al.).[16] Major surgeries such as resection of tumor with replacement, skin grafts, or any congenital problems can be sorted out by application of stem cells as scaffolds along with the growth factors and calcium or phosphate-based bioactive ceramics. Before the application, identification and isolation of appropriate groups of stem cells is a crucial process and the quality of the stem cells has to be assessed before administering it in the clinicals (Yang B et al.).[17]


  Stem Cell Bank Top


A stem cell bank is a platform for the large-scale population, preparation, storage, provision, and research of stem cells and called “life-bank” (Stacey et al.).[18] The stem cells should be stored following the principles which include “5C” that includes:

  1. INFORMED CONSENT: The donors should voluntarily donate their organ or tissues. They should sign the informed consent and their information should be kept private (West CC et al.)[19]
  2. CONFIDENTIALITY PRINCIPLE: The officials in the stem cell should not disclose the personal information of the donor at any cost
  3. CONFORMITY PRINCIPLE: The conformity explains the guarantee of the stem cells for various research purposes, and hence, it should possess high quality. The stem cells have to be evaluated from the collection till its use in clinical applications (Barry J et al.)[20]
  4. CONTAMINATION-FREE PRINCIPLE: The stem cells should be free from microbial contamination and contamination from cell lines. Clean containers, proper storage, and maintenance of liquid nitrogen sources are the few measures to avoid contamination and adulteration (Kono K et al.)[21]
  5. COMMONWEAL PRINCIPLE: The donors should not be offered money or any forms of offerings for the stem cell donation as it might degrade the decorum of the principles in stem cell banking and the same should also be mentioned in the informed consent.



  Conclusion Top


The oral cavity provides a rich source of stem cells and can be easily accessed and isolated; cryopreserved stem cells have also been used. The application of stem cells in the oral cavity has been broadly increased and this will create wonders in regenerative medicine. At the same time, the quality of the stem cells has to be assessed and it must strictly follow the principles of stem cell bank before the clinical trials.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Sun C, Yue J, He N, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Fundamental principles of stem cell banking. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016;951:31-45.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Clevers H. STEM CELLS. What is an adult stem cell? Science 2015;350:1319-20.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Ebrahimi M, Botelho M. Adult stem cells of orofacial origin: Current knowledge and limitation and future trend in regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017;14:719-33.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:13625-30.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Seo BM, Sonoyama W, Yamaza T, Coppe C, Kikuiri T, Akiyama K, et al. SHED repair critical-size calvarial defects in mice. Oral Dis 2008;14:428-34.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Kim BC, Jun SM, Kim SY, Kwon YD, Choe SC, Kim EC, et al. Engineering three dimensional micro nerve tissue using postnatal stem cells from human dental apical papilla. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017;114:903-14.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Jimenez-Rojo L, Pagella P, Harada H, Mitsiadis TA. Dental epithelial stem cells as a source for mammary gland regeneration and milk producing cells in vivo. Cells 2019;8:1302.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Wang L, Shen H, Zheng W, Tang L, Yang Z, Gao Y, et al. Characterization of stem cells from alveolar periodontal ligament. Tissue Eng Part A 2011;17:1015-26.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Zhang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Uyanne J, Shi Y, Shi S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingiva are capable of immunomodulatory functions and ameliorate inflammation-related tissue destruction in experimental colitis. J Immunol 2009;183:7787-98.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Mizuno H, Tobita M, Uysal AC. Concise review: Adipose-derived stem cells as a novel tool for future regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 2012;30:804-10.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Tobita M, Mizuno H. Adipose-derived stem cells for periodontal tissue regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2011;702:461-70.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Coppes RP, Stokman MA. Stem cells and the repair of radiation-induced salivary gland damage. Oral Dis 2011;17:143-53.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Rotter N, Schwarz S, Jakob M, Brandau S, Wollenberg B, Lang S. Salivary gland stem cells: Can they restore radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction? HNO 2010;58:556-63.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Berbéri A, Al-Nemer F, Hamade E, Noujeim Z, Badran B, Zibara K. Mesenchymal stem cells with osteogenic potential in human maxillary sinus membrane: An in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2017;21:1599-609.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Rosa V, Zhang Z, Grande RH, Nör JE. Dental pulp tissue engineering in full-length human root canals. J Dent Res 2013;92:970-5.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Menicanin D, Hynes K, Han J, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;881:207-36.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Yang B, Qiu Y, Zhou N, Ouyang H, Ding J, Cheng B, et al. Application of stem cells in oral disease therapy: Progresses and perspectives. Front Physiol 2017;8:197.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Stacey G. Stem cell banking: A global view. Methods Mol Biol 2017;1590:3-10.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
West CC, Murray IR, González ZN, Hindle P, Hay DC, Stewart KJ, et al. Ethical, legal and practical issues of establishing an adipose stem cell bank for research. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014;67:745-51.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Barry J, Hyllner J, Stacey G, Taylor CJ, Turner M. Setting up a haplobank: Issues and solutions. Curr Stem Cell Rep 2015;1:110-7.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Kono K, Takada N, Yasuda S, Sawada R, Niimi S, Matsuyama A, et al. Characterization of the cell growth analysis for detection of immortal cellular impurities in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biologicals 2015;43:146-9.  Back to cited text no. 21
    




 

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